Gogols Petersburg Tales Essay Example for Free

Gogols Petersburg Tales EssayComp be Nikolai Gogols The Over cake with the other St. Petersburg tales. Nikolai Gogols St. Petersburg stories see been interpreted as tales of accessible injustice, urban and human isolation, psychological studies, love stories, moralistic fables and social satires. In keeping with emerging trends of naturalistic writing, the stories deal with relatively lowly members of the social strata in the Petersburg bureaucracy the everyman. This essay will compare The Overcoat with Diary of a Madman and The Nose and examine how each of the briny characters in Gogols stories survives in the seemingly unnatural and fabricated world of St. Petersburg. The principal character in The Overcoat, Akaky Akakievich Bashmachkin buries himself so deeply in his paltry work of write documents that his work almost supersedes the actual reality in which he inhabits, he is described walking through the streets of St. Petersburg oblivious to the people around him or the flake being thrown out windows onto him, he sees zero point save a line of beautiful words to copy.He later does the same when obsessing about the coat which he is having made to shield him from the bitter Russian winter. This need to cloak and insulate wizself from the cold harshness of modern edict is an idea which runs through these triplet stories, and seemed to preoccupy Gogol himself. He was a secretive person about which very little is known, he said himself in his letters But how can unrivaled judge about a secretive person in whom everything is inside, whose character hasnt even taken shape but who is still educating himself in his thought and whose every move produces only misunderstanding? How can one make conclusions about such a person basing oneself on a few traits which have inadvertently stuck themselves out? Wont this be the same as to conclude about a book by a few sentences divide out of it non in order either, but from different passages. Gogol was int erested in how the character and worth of someone is judged by others, the characters in The Petersburg Stories are each(prenominal) in all delineate, both by themselves and by others, by their professions, which are comically insignificant, Akaky Akakievich copied pages and Poprishchin in Diary of a Madman was in charge of pencil sharpening.These characters are defined by the role they serve as part of the bureaucracy rather than by any kind of individual identity. Gogol paints a picture of a society in which values the most superficial aspects of a person, an idea which is taken to comical new heights in The Nosewhen the preposterous and vain main character Major Kovalyov loses something which serves no great purpose other than normalising ones appearance his nose. Escapism is essential for Gogols characters. Each of the main characters feels happiest when they are detached from reality, when they have some sort of rosy, imaginary insulation between them and the inescapable mo notony of their lowly lives. Akaky Akakievich is described garnering a disproportionate amount of pleasance from his work copying documents, smiling to himself as he coppied letters he particularly liked, going home and copying just for fun and when all touch to divert themselves going to bed smiling at thought of coming day.Akaky puts all of his faith and love and passion into something arbitrary and ultimately nonsensical as a coping mechanism, for how else would he survive his pitiful life? The main character in Diary of a Madman Poprishkin is driven to a similar detachment from the real world as his lowly and socially immobile position as a titular councillor becomes too oft to bear. He loses his sanity but arguably gains something of greater value confidence and social mobility. In creating a world for himself where he is no overnight one of many middle aged, poorly paid low ranking civil servants but the King of Spain he frees himself from his suffocating ties to societal norms, he no longer believes in the inherent superiority of those of a higher social status, he even has the audacity to call his employer as an ordinary doornail, a simple doornail, nothing more. The kind used in doors. Similarly, Kovalyov deludes himself to give his life a sense of importance and significance.He gives himself the title of Major and struts down Nevsky Prospect making eyeball contact with everyone and imagining attention from ladies that he passes. The key difference between the coping mechanism employed by Akaky and the methods used by Poprishkin and Kobalev is that Akakys world is not one which elevates his social status. His extremely introverted behaviour does not disrupt the status quo. It is arguably their obsession with class and how they appear to others which causes all of both Kovalev and Poprishkins strife. Contrastingly, Akaky just wants to be left alone, he doesnt care that people often see him with trifle or hay stuck to the back of his cape, this m akes Akaky a more likeable, sympathetic character, he is completely harmless and innocent a perfect victim. This is the only tale in which Gogol allows us to be fully sympathetic with a character. There areindeed moments in Diary of a Madman which could and should stir sympathy for Poprishkin in the reader, but Gogol always undermines these moments with a humorous or nonsensical comment.In The Overcoat however, the narrative tone flips from heart wrenchingly sad to funny and light hearted and then back again in the space of a page Gogol displays his talent for evoking sympathy and emotion in a reader and his gift for comedy side by side. It is not just the characters who seek to think of themselves up and conceal the truth from the reader there is a lack of reliability coupled with nonsense running through all three of the narratives which mulishly refuses to make sense. The Overcoat introduces us to this immediately, it begins with a digression In the department of but it is better not to mention the department. The narrator continues in this vein, using a conversational, unreliable tone, often forgetting the facts or losing their place in the story.Gogols deliberate elusiveness undermines the idea of the omniscient authorial voice of the narrator and injects suspicion and confusion into the narrative. Gogol uses a similar narrative voice in The Nose. The narrator of The Nose is similarly uninformed and forgetful and makes no attempt to elucidate the reason for all the bizarre occurrences in the story. Things in these stories can often just disappear into a puff of smoke, Gogol increases the confusion, and elusiveness with the use of a lot of mist and smoke imagery, he is like a magician, cloaking his intentions, keeping himself safe behind a cloud of nonsense and a mist of confusion.Gogols St. Petersburg stories portray many different types of characters, but pervading through the stories and uniting them is this sense of heightened self-consciousness a need to protect oneself from a befuddling, cold harsh world. Gogol himself put it best in another St Petersburg story Nevsky Prospekt It had seemed as if some demon had crumbled the world into bits and mixed all these bits indiscriminately togetherBibliographyGogol, Nikolai translated by Macandrew, Andrew R and Meyer, Priscilla The Diary of a Madman and Other Stories SIGNET CLASSICS, January 2005, radical York, NY/US One Of The Oldest Cases Of Schizophrenia In Gogols Diary Of A Madman Eric Lewin AltschulerBMJ British Medical Journal , Vol. 323, No. 7327 (Dec. 22 29, 2001), pp. 1475-1477 Published by BMJ publication GroupArticle Stable URL http//www.jstor.org/stable/25468632 Cloaking the Self The Literary Space of Gogols Overcoat Charles C. Bernheimer PMLA , Vol. 90, No. 1 (Jan., 1975), pp. 53-61 Published by Modern terminology Association Article Stable URL http//www.jstor.org/stable/461347 The Laughter of Gogol R. W. Hallett Russian Review , Vol. 30, No. 4 (Oct., 1971) , pp. 373-384 Published by Wiley on behalf of The Editors and Board of Trustees of the Russian Review Article Stable URL http//www.jstor.org/stable/127792

Mass programming Essay Example for Free

Mass programming EssayPLDs are standard ICs, unattached in standard configurations. They are sold in high volume to many different customers. PLDs may be configured or programmed to create a part customized to a specific application. They have a single large block of programmable interconnect and consist of a matrix of system of system of logic macrocells that usually consists of programmable graze logic followed by a flip-flop or latch. Types of PLDs are PROM, EPROM, PAL and PLA. PROM uses metal fuse that can be blown permanently. EPROM uses programmable MOS transistors whose characteristics are altering by applying a high voltage.PAL or Programmable Array Logic consists of a programmable AND logic place or AND plane, and fixed OR plane. PLA or Programmable Logic Array has a programmable AND plane followed by programmable OR plane. Based on type of programming PLDs may be classified as eradicable PLD (EPLD) and Mask-programmed PLD. It is characterized by customized mask layer and logic cells (Smith, 1997 14). (Smith, 1997) Advantages Fast design turnaround. Disadvantages Mass programming is not possible. It is more complex than PLDs. A field programmable gate array is a VLSI term of enlistment that can be programmed in the users location.A regular(prenominal) FPGA consists of an array of hundreds or thousands of logic blocks surrounded by programmable excitant and output blocks and connected together via programmable interconnections. There is a wide variety of internal configuration within these devices. The performance of each device depends on the traffic circle contained in their logic blocks and their efficiency of their programmed inter connections. Here none of mask layers are customized. There exists a method for programming basic cells and the interconnect. The core of FPGA is a regular array of combinational and sequential programmable basic logic cells.It has a matrix of programmable interconnect that surrounds the basic cells and pr ogrammable I/O cells around the core. A typical FPGA block consists of look up tables, multiplexers, gates and flipflops. The look up table is a truth table stored in a SRAM and provides a combinational circuit functions for the logic blocks. These functions are realized from the truth table stored in the SRAM (Smith, 1997 16). (Smith, 1997) Advantages Design turnaround is a few hours The truth table can be re-programmable. escaped to layout on PCBs. DisadvantagesThe memory is volatile and presents the need for the look up table content to be reloaded when power is disrupted. Routing is easily blocked. The design requires extensive CAD tools to assist the synthesis procedure. FPGAs may be broadly classified as homogenous and heterogeneous FPGAs. As the name implies homogenous consists of only one type of logic cell and heterogeneous contains different types of logic cells. They can also be classified as Island type, Hierarchical and Row based FPGAs. Island Type FPGA It is common t o Xilinx and Altera.Here, the logic blocks are arranged in a matrix form. They are interconnected by horizontal and vertical routing wires. The routing wires are connected using programmable routing switches. (Sharma, 2005) Hierarchical FPGAs It comprises of a tree based interconnect structure. The leaves represent logic blocks. Two types of connecting boxes are present. The hexagon shaped boxes represent non compressing switches (no. of root going tracks = twice the no. of unveiling tracks) and the diamond shaped boxes represent compressing switches (no. of root going tracks = no. of incoming tracks).

High Compensation Pay Will Influence Employee Motivation

High Compensation Pay Will Influence Employee indigenceThis article learns the relationship among high knuckle under put up and employees penury in organization. Besides training, assembly line satisfaction, and release purlieu, requital pay is single of the factors that can square up employee want. Motivation has many theories that support employee pull up stakes put to death wear out in their wrinkle. Compensation pay aspects such as pay or reward package and advancement allow antecede or boost up employee motivation in entrap to behave in their de configuration that contributes to organization. There ar many theories that explain compensation effect on employee motivation. Many police detectives had menti integrityd astir(predicate) the relationship between compensation pay aspects, pay or reward package and procession and employee motivation in organization. Higher the compensation pay, employee motivation in organization bequeath cast up.Introduction Compensation is the total amount of the monetary and non-monetary pay provided by employer to an employee in return for encounter performed as demand. Wayne. F. Cascio had stated that compensation which implys indirect cash payment and direct payments in the form of employee benefits and incentives that provide by employer in order to instigate employees to perform easily for higher trains of productiveness is an important component of the employment relationship between employer and employee. accord to Milkovich, Newman Gerhart (2011), compensation refers to all forms of financial returns and tangible services and benefits that demote by employer to employee as demote of an employment relationship. For monetary pay, it as the return for employee that land or contribute in organization, while for non-monetary pay is provided by employer to an employee in order to be active employee to perform in their work.Every stakeholder such as employer, coach, shareholder and other s have their birth perceptive regarding compensation and how compensation adjoins how they behave. Employee may define compensation as an modify of service employee contribution or as a reward for a job well done. Employee deliberate compensation as to some reflects the value for their various(prenominal)ized skills and abilities, or the return for the education training they have learned or acquired. The pay individual receives for the work they perform in their work is usually the major(ip) source of personal income and financial security in their life and so it is very important decisives of an individual economic and social well being. For manager, compensation pay directly influences their success in two bureaus. Firstly, it is a major expense competitive pressure both internationally and domestically, forces employer to consider whether their compensation decisions is affordable or not. Other studies show that many organization labor costs account for more than 50% of t otal costs. And for industries such as public employment or service, this figure is even higher.Compensation is one of the factors that influence employee motivation in organization. The good compensation pay is a good motivator for employee. Employee motivation and conduct influence by compensation by two ways (Milkovich, Newman Gerhart 2011). High compensation pay pull up stakes lead employee to actuate in doing their job or perform well in their work and performance. If employee did not engender compensation pay much as they should get, employee tend to not perform well and motivate to do their job. Compensation pay desired behavior which is motivated employee for breach performance. This study would like to investigate the relationship between compensation pay aspects which are pay or reward package and promotion towards employee motivation in organization.The problemAfter bonuses are distributed, direction teams may often be baffle by the lack of employee motivation. If the employee does not see a direct correlation between performance and bonus, this may lead to a lack of motivation because employees see no reason to perform better.Shun Linda Wang, 2003Nowadays organization whether small or large, people pay much more attention to their life way and the slap-up they earn from the work than their senior. However, it still remains unclear whether many of employees would continue working if it were not for the specie that they earn. Employee allow expects their employer give a compensation plan are that it is fair and equitable, that it provides them with tangible rewards matched with their skills and, further, that it provides recognition and employee feel their employer appreciate them.Employer will face big challenge in order to motivate employees in organization. Motivation of employee is an important key to an organization that can lead to overall effectiveness of organization. Basically, employee will do or perform well in their work if th eir employer provides compensation pay to them. In other word, employee is not motivated in order give dear commitment in their work because of compensation pay that they receive from employer is not enough or dissatisfied. Employee will perform better if they see the relationship between compensation pay and performance. Employee tends to motivate and perform better in their job if employer provides high compensation pay.Are engrosss attached to jobs and do promotions play an important role as a wage determinant? Do expected promotions affect motivation and, once the promotion has been realized, will this make the motivation disappear completely? These questions is the famous question that employer will take up in order perform well towards increase productivity or efficacy of organization. As Herzberg (1968) has argued, just because too little money can affect and demotivate employee, does not mean that more and more money will lead about change magnitude satisfaction, much l ess increased motivation. But it is reasonable to outwear that if employees take-home pay or salary was cut in half, employee morale would suffer enough to not perform well and undermine performance. It doesnt necessarily take after that doubling that employees pay would result in better work or employee will motivate to perform well. check to Schuler and MacMillan (1984), they stressed that Human resource management practices (including compensation) may give a competitive advantages to one corporation over its rivals in order to retain and motivate their employee in organization.Literature reviewMotivation is the desire to achieve beyond expectations, being driven by internal sort of than external factors, and to be involved in a continuous strain for improvement.(Torrington, Hall, Taylor Atkinson, 2009, p. 276)Motivation, in the context of work, is a psychological process that results from the interaction or relationship between an employee and the work environment and it is characterized by a certain level of willingness to do something. Motivation as well as defined as the employees are willing to increase their work effort in order to desire that they hold or obtain a specific need (Beardwell Claydon, 2007). According to Arnold (1991), motivation consists of three components Direction what a person is trying to do? Effort how hard a person is trying to do? Persistence how long a person keeps on trying to do?Motivation of employee was set as the dependent variable in this study. Although the construct of motivation can be operationally defined with the help of similar to variables such as motives, dispositions, inevitably, and values (Hogan and Hogan, 1990), the field of psychology has not observed a single, crucial measure of employee motivation. Therefore, there is the study that measures motivation by a single straightforward item How has the level of your work motivation level changed in the last three years? The responses of the study had range from decreased (1) to increased (5). (Takahashi, 2005)Moreover, in a way of accomplishment expected work productivity and job satisfaction motivation is the out approximately element to be taken into account (Schultz Schultz, 1998). Mainly, the impacts of motivation on the work performance and productivity will attract attention towards employee motivation in the work environment (Huddleston Good, 1999). Employee with high level of motivation tends to work hard and perform better in their work as compared to the employees with low level of motivation. The understanding of the employees expectations and needs of employees at work signifies the base for their motivation. In order to increase employee satisfaction and motivation with their work, it is important to prepare employees work and the level of satisfaction with work.Motivational copys are usually divided in to two between and those, which are process theories that focus on the individuals interactions with their en vironment and those content theories that which focus on an individuals internal attributes. Expectancy scheme is one of the process motivation governing body describes motivation as a function of individual or employees perception that they have about their surroundings and they will form the expectation ground on these perceptions.The organizational psychology literature includes a subjugate or many motivational theories, but based on Ghazanfar, Chuanim, Khan Bashir (2011) they have selected apprehension opening as their implementation mechanism for some reasons. Firstly, the theory has been subjected to rigorous academic testing that each of its components has been experiment and the result is there is a positive influence or relationship on employee motivation. Other researcher such as Klein (1991), Pritchard and Sanders (1973), and Arvy (1972) give support for the liaison or relationship between effort and E-P expectancy. Hope and Pate (1988) established that the link between instrumentation and effort is one of be the best supported of the components and measured by Lawler and Porter (1967), Snead and Harrell (1994), Klein (1991), Harrell and Stahl (1984). Pritchard and Sanders (1973) have confirmed the motivational link between effort and valence. Secondly, the theory is easily to understand and very straightforward. Developed by Vroom (1964), expectancy theory determines three factors that play an interactive role in motivation. Effort-performance expectancy refers to E-P expectancy that concerns the employees perception which effort is positively associate with level of performance in organization.Maslows theory shows that human needs as a role of the capacity in which the human needs have already been fulfilled. It means that human needs that are fulfilled have a low motivation value. Other than that, Herzberg explains that work satisfaction is based on the presence of intrinsic motivation, while the presence of alien factors will lead to dissatisfaction of work. If there is hygienic factors, workers will be contented with their current work situation. In order to have motivated workforce in organization, the hygienic factors essential be satisfied and when motivations are in place. This poseur is in the same type as the theories of Lewin and Vroom that it is concern with the influence of perception and expectancy on motivation. However, this model is a more comprehensive theory than the other theories. The model is based on the following propositionsThe motivational force of an individual is based on how individual see the value of the goal, the forefinger required achieving the goal and the probability that the goal will be achieved.Because of individuals past experience is similar of situation, it will enable to a better self-assessment of the required effort, ability perform well and achieve the goalPerformance achievement can be achieved by individual efforts which mean individual understand the task require ment and issue their self-assessment of ability.Individual sees performance as lead to both rewards which is extrinsic and intrinsic can give satisfaction if individual feel the rewards are fair. This model is around complete and has enough description of the process of motivation.Performance of employee is usually described as a joint function between both ability and motivation, and one of the primary tasks that employer have to face is motivating employee to perform to the best of their own skill or ability (Moorhead Griffin, 1998). Basically, when economists talk about incentives and motivation, it refers to type of motivation which is extrinsic motivation (Frey, 1997, Benabou and Tirole, 2003). Extrinsic motivation is a type of behavior influence by external interventions, examples your boss give reward in term of money, cheering your work, or status (Frey, 1997). This type of incentives works same as quid pro quo employee has the implicit contract that after perform well i n a performance they will receive an external reward. This means that the view of monetary rewards, either in the form of incentive compensation or promotions automatically will increase employee motivation.According to Minner, Ebrahimi, and Watchel (1995), they explain that motivation consists of these three interdependent and interacting elements which are drives, needs, and incentives. As long as organizations have been operated, compensation had recognized as one of major motivator of employees in order to perform better as well as an important tool for organizations. To construct compensation systems, organization must have mutual understanding so that it can be to the organizations structure, strategies, and employees that has been an important area. To use compensation as a motivator to employee motivation, personnel employer must matter at four major components of a pay structures in an organization (Popoola Ayeni 2007). These four major components are job rate, which is t he importance the organization attaches to each job, payment, which employer give reward to encourage employee based on to their performance, personal or special allowances, like transport allowance and fringe benefits such as holidays with pay and pensions.According to Akintoye (2000), he highlight that money is still be the most important motivational strategy. Early year 1911, Frederick Taylor and his scientific management associate defined money as the most important factor to motivate employee in order to achieve and improve better productivity. Taylor also defined compensation and performance based pay as one of the major tools management had to motivate employees and to improve their productivity hence reduce turnover. Money sees as an important motivating power in as much as it symbolizes intangible goals like security, prestige, power, and a feeling of accomplishment and success. Sinclair (2005) explained that the motivational power of money with the process of job choice. Sinclair explains that money has the power to attract, retain, and motivate employee in order to increase and improve performance. As example, if an employee gets another job offer, which offers best financial rewards and has same job characteristics with his current job, that employee would be motivated to leave current job and accept the new job offer.Banjoko (1996) states that employers which want to reward or punish their employees, they usually use money. This is can be done through the process of rewarding employees for increase productivity by give recognition to employee so that employee will feel fear of loss of job or other related issues such as no promotion because of not perform well in performance. The eagerness to be promoted and earn change pay also will motivate employees. Compensation research is more focus on stressing the internal orientation to an individuals reaction to pay. This research orientation is always led by industrial organizational psychologists an d has contributed to human resource management practice. The main force for this research has been the suggestion that pay will affects level of job satisfaction of employee and work behaviors or employee motivation (Oshagbemi, 2000).Generally, organizations offer their employees three types of opportunities which are (Ospina, 1996)Promotion.Pay.Challenges at work.According to Kwon (2004) there are two ways promotion provided incentives. First, wage increase upon promotion or promotion premium can be fixing by principal, and let the promotion probability depend on performance. Second, a principal also can fix the promotion probability and let the promotion premium depend on performance. Hence, both promotion probability and promotion premium will base on performance. However, the literature has only focused on the former, and mostly will ignore the final. Remind that when use for performance-based return, in most previous models of promotion-based incentives, the principal do not h ave any reason to provide huge incentives, and sometimes promote employees without any reason. Our model highlights the final. Because employees in the model is same and usually makes an investment along the equilibrium path, the principal promotes them based on term unless they realized performance or wages. This is consistent based on seniority-rule in promote employees. But, a wage increase with promotion based on performance in order to provide incentives for investments on job-specific human capital that does not for a new job level. In the extreme case, controlling for term, the promotion probability based whether on performance or on wages.According on a survey amongst all individual employees, Herpen, Cools Praag (2004) found a positive link that effect of promotions on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, which leads to the effectiveness of promotion. They show that promotion will affect positively on extrinsic motivation that constant with one of the fundamental assumptio ns in the tournament model. Motivation is high in this type when employees think that they will get promotion in the future. Intrinsic motivation is not so much affected by an expected promotion but rather by a recently realized promotion. Without a realized or expected promotion in long period will lead to a decrease of intrinsic motivation (Herpen, Cools Praag, 2004). Promotions should elaborate motivation in many ways. Moreover, there often does not seem to be loyal pay for performance within jobs, which only increases the clear importance of promotions for organizational incentives (Hedstrom, 1987).But for internal labor markets, the status of higher positions is more important rather than higher pay because employees tend to perform well to win the competition. Promotion defines an incentive mechanism that gives value to employees that in higher position (Takahashi, 2005). For organizations that want to motivate their employees, they must fully the incentive effects of promot ion. Lazear Rosen (1981) stated that promotions have contributed a great deal in theoretical interest, especially in the tournament models. A promotion can be an indication of trust and lead to empowerment, which is correlated positively with intrinsic motivation (Deci and Ryan, 1985). In order to find out the full incentive that effect promotion, organization will analyze the relationship between perceived promotion opportunities and intrinsic motivation.Reward is the benefits that workers can get from perform well in a task, representation a service or discharging a responsibility. (Colin Pitts, 1995, p. 11.) Pay can be as the most important factor that will motivate employees and also can be motivating reward that is received when employees can perform better in a task and service. Individuals will motivate to go out and find a work in order to get pay. Pay is also can be seen as a way in order to value employees work that contributed to organization. Organization will face a pr oblem such as hard to retain good employees in organization if employees feel reward package that they get is unfair and not satisfied. It is because pay can be a powerful demotivator towards employees (Colin Pitts, 1995). It shows that rewards absolutely can influence employee motivation. Inequity in the management of compensation such as performance that measure unfair may give negative impact to the objectives of the company, as employees will not work hard but want to get reward so it will lead to expense of contribution. But if the compensation pay is perceived as fair, satisfied and competitive, hence good employees are likely to stay in the organization (Schuler, 1998).Many employees think that reward package is only wages and salaries that employer give as a return of their contribution to organization. Actually the reward package is include bonuses, health insurance, pension schemes, car allowance, beneficial loans, meal allowance, good sharing, share options and others. ( Pitts, 1995, p.13). Efficient reward system can be a good motivator but an inefficient reward system can lead to demotivation of the employees. Reio and Callahon (2004) concludes that both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards motivates the employee resulted in higher productivity.Carraher et al (2006) stresses that there should be an effective reward system in organization in order to retain the quality employees and reward should provide based on their productivity. There many works has been done in order to evaluate the link between rewards and employee motivation and there are many researchers investigated and agreed that reward can give impact on employee motivation. Organization must make sure that policies and procedures to form reward system will increase employee motivation and satisfaction in order to maximize the performance of the employees.Performance-based pay (PBP) is one of the compensation schemes that have link between employee performances with pay. It can be defined as a system of remuneration in which an individuals increase in salary is solely or in the first place dependent on his/her appraisal or merit rating (Swabe, 1989). Armstrong (2005) defines it more comprehensively as the process of providing a financial reward to an individual which is linked directly to individual, group or organizational performance. But Schuler (1998) maintains that PBP is not limited to financial rewards, and that non-financial rewards, such as recognition, can also constitute pay for performance. The basic reasons for PBP are performance enhancement for competitive advantage and equity (MIlkovich and Newman, 1996). In this regard, Beardwell and Holden (1995) identify several specific reasons for which managers may introduce PBP. These includeHelp in recruitment and selectionFacilitate change in organizational cultureWeaken trade union power increased role of the line managerGreater financial control and value for moneyAbility to reward and recognize performance andEncouragement to flexibility.Proposition/ RecommendationEach researcher has their own recommendation regarding this study that investigated the relationship between compensation pay and employee motivation. Organization or employer should understand what influences individuals motivation which determines how they behave and why they behave in a certain way. Organization can use theories of motivation in order to determine level of motivation or factors that can influence employee motivation in organization. One of the theories that organization can be use is the basic one, Maslows theory. Maslows theory shows that human needs are a function of the capacity in which the needs have already been fulfilled. This means that a fulfilled need has a low motivation value.Bishop (1987) suggested that pay is directly related with productivity and reward system depends upon the size of an organization. Compensation pay such as pay or reward package and promotion will influence employee motiv ation in organization. For efficiency of compensation pay, organization can give compensation pay based on their size of organization. If the organization is big, employer should provided compensation pay that suitable to their employee such as high compensation pay in term of give employee high pay so that employee will motivate and tend to perform well. Consequently, it will increase employee motivation in organization and employee.Herzbergs theory explained that if employer give an opportunities for promotions and actual promotions are highly to motivate higher performance than regular pay structures. This is supported by Maslows earlier needs theory, which ranks self-esteem and self-actualization as higher-order needs compared with physiological needs, which would include pay, as lower-order needs. Promotions do usually increase pay, but the motivational influence stems from recognition, increased responsibility, more challenging work and a personal sense of accomplishment all of which are motivating factors, according to Herzberg. Herzberg even notes opportunities for advancement specifically as a motivator. If employer gives opportunity or promotion to employee, motivation of employee will increase towards to perform better in work because employee feels that employer appreciate their contribution to organization and get recognition from organization.Conclusion and ImplicationHuman resources Compensation pay is one of the most important factors that influence employee motivation in organization. The findings of the present study adds a new perspective on the basis of a new environmental settings to the existing evidence signifying that the work motivation in the organizations is influenced by the satisfaction of the employees with their compensation, which is offered by the organization. The further analysis of the data pertaining to the satisfaction with compensation and work motivation suggest that benefits had a positive but weak relationship with th e work motivation. Benefits include allowances and reimbursements for miscellaneous expenses, company housing and company conveyance. The previous researches in this regard refer benefits as not an ingredient, which motivates employees, Jacques and Roussel, (1999). Our findings relate with these findings because of the weaker relationship of benefits with work motivation. We might also find an explanation for the inefficiency of benefits, in research by Hills, Bergmann and Scarpello (1994). Referring to surveys concerning employees, they formulate the proposition that benefits are generally perceived as a right in united States society, so they have no incentive character.

Ethnomethodology And Interactionism

Ethnomethodology And InteractionismEhnomethododolgy and interactionism have been two of the near about emerging accessible theorys to come up from the 20th century. Interactionism was the one that ab initio started it with the emergence of Meade in the 1920s who emerged with a style of existence pragmatism as its main core argument as well as epitome how we complaisantly act with teaches separate. Herbet blumer worked on Meade theory and he created symbolic interactionism through it. With their main aim of it being what is behind the subjective theory of kind-hearteds, the mixer mathematical process and being pragmatic, this theory has so led to several divisions created throughout they include Phenomenology, Social Action, and Ethnomethodology. The collect of ethno has created the biggest difference and has been viewed as analysis people everyday vitality and how people act which sterilises in that respect social order and therefore it entrust be workd to document to how the world works and operate unlike galore(postnominal) other theorys not interested in putting people in separate reality of using extreme types of cases. In addition the Ethnomethodology can be viewed as members of beau monde must have some sh ard methods that they riding habit to mutually construct the meaningful orderliness of social situations and that it differs from normal sociology as viewed what is key is the procedures over which social society is createdOne of the things that interactionist sociologists are distinct to macro sociologist such as functionalist and Marxist conflict theories. This can be viewed as the mood they construction at how the individuals act in situations instead of just analysing how they react to a social stimulant. In addition they tend to look at how unalike social actors understand the behaviour of theirs is significant as a way of understanding in the way social world constructed.One of these differences can be shown in the differ ence where etnomethodologist tend to be highly indifferent to subjective methods of research as not really thinking that they correctly define pitying behaviour in the manner they like.In terms of contrast to the normal style of sociology the ethno view doesnt attempt to make an theory or methodological conjure In addition does not view its subjective states as an individual or stem of individual as well will refuse to use concept view such as value states, sentiments , goal-orientations as a way of referring to any types of actor or other actors. Therefore for an ethnomethodologistss the way in which you can fully realise social scenes is when the actual location would be under inspection. Therefore the role is to describe the personality of these activities not just account statement as just a person in a particular location further instead look at what happens , how it happens and why these moment tends be different .A difference amid the two would be the use of symbols wh ereby interactionist tend to assume that the truth of symbols are and so interpreted by divers(a) actor in social while ethno deliberately avoids these assumption to describe social scene and do not think symbol are necessarily used as constants in social scenes.One of the things that make ethnomethodology unique is the method behind its research is different as it tends to look at matter-of-fact reasons and how that is different compared to the domain of talking interaction or other constituent activity dodging which believe are very limited and only determine a small amounts of research through it . In addition they look in methodological research and how tends be viewed through either ethno-graphic or quasi-experiment which are different to the usual analysis of conversation and look at audio and video recording of on-going interaction. They believe methods of interviews are fake and dont really give the most fairest way of analysis human behaviour as also think can be base d on false assumption such as camaridie in the interview which be viewed differently by the parties but it could lead to giving less accurate results.In addition one of the most outstanding thing for the Interactions is how they analyse peoples social life , instead of the functional objective macro-organised organise of the social system where everyone has a place and just a sure role. This is important as it fits in with the interactionist philosophy of their theoretical perspective on the image of humans instead of just analysing society and viewing how that defines. Instead human are pragmatic actors who must continually change their behaviour to be able to respond to other actor and that the only way they we can conform is because we have the power to interpret them either through symbolic ways or could be linguistic methods through those abilities able to adjust to respond accordingly. This is then enhanced by the way we can imaginatively rehearse other ways of action befo re to attempt to act. This is then aided by the aptitude to think and then react to our actions even viewing are selves at times as the symbolic objects. Therefore the interactionist theorist would view human as active, creative participants, who define and make the social world not just conformist passive players in this social world.One of the major differences would be how they both(prenominal) tend to view the difference in role taking It tends to be a key role in the method of interaction whereby it allows take other people views and how their actions lead us to interact in a certain way. Furthermore in other times interactions tend to look at improvisational use of rules where the social situation isnt working well which means then human change their role to try and improve the experience. However a ethno view is that they would select to go analyse their research through looking at different ways that people express themselves in conversation and the way that these methods are managed.In addition the way interactionist seem to learn is through participant observation whereby instead of just looking at survey and interview instead they will view that what makes it important is looking how they act in there day to day life and how being immersed in the live is the best way of being able to understand why people commit their action and how the process of the situation is communicated through the interaction. Therefor while they will be very closing in terms of contact as a consequence they are explicit over how what they learned from the person can alter their views and thinking but will be objective when it comes to conducting the researchOne of the criticisms ethnomethodologistss have over the interactionist approach is that they believed that there tends to be an over reliance on the cognitive system approach . There logic is that normal people tend to grasp just normal situations and that is all they process, however when there is a specific suit with horrific sequence they start thinking about their pre-conscious state which leads them to disrupt there normal pattern of social interaction in addition the ethno group believe that this only a temporary problem and very quickly will be to allowed to enable normal social interaction again with just a bit of workHowever in certain methods there tends to be certain similar aspects if you look at how they tend to be think to a certain degree over the interactionist concern with the role of abnormality within the studies of social group and social relationships. Usually interactionist tend to look at the method of organization which stresses how positions in place work tend to be defined by its inherent informal structure. Therefore this had led to a view created by (Hughes, 1956) that beside every task division of labor rests a moral hierarchy of positions which dictate how per-sons are to relate. Therefore when usually this a study into the social organisations the interactioni st will tend to look at how the social organization start with a formal structure and how that progress through a variety of different views and ideas which then as a consequence redefine those initial structures . These view on the structure complement the ethnomethodologistss which also emphasis that a formal structure cant be ignored and they are vital fundamental for social relationships. Furthermore ethnomethodologistss major view in this regard in this topic is that the productions of sociologist are similar to those in everyday life. They get to there point through a couple of ways, one of those tends to be tend that sociologists main concern is the personal business of the general people in the social order . Therefore when they start with their initial test they create a certain boundaries and certain rules which will define their method however during these test they will find throughout it anomalys or that the statistical test is not accurate or that what they observe do es not very fit in with their initial supposition or central concept . So therefore when they try to make there concept work with their hypothesis they will tend to rely on the documentary style of analysis whereby they look at there earlier view of daily interaction and look at how to help them reach a hypothesisThe two views can also have fault lines in what they necessarily try to find as an interactionist are far more concerned with normal common sense question about how we live our lives , while the ethnomethodologistss tries to analysis on the meaning of the social and look at what behind what we all do .One of the major differences can be viewed between how language is differently viewed between the two ideologies as for the interactions language can be viewed as submitting signs of the person that represent the central aspect of the social life while for the ethnomethodologistss it can be pointed to the person as a way of being the standard reality and how it is explainedA criticism that has been used towards interactionism from the ehthno has come towards the Blumer approach and their assessment over how they failed to accurate describe how the social process in the vein that there was a total gloss on the usual human social interaction especially demanding that there should be a place for the minute description of behaviour especially language behaviour instead of the constant reference to mind or self , society which where conceptual goals coming from which then used the prepared account of the social life in the method of Blumer.Therefore it while there are similarities between interactionist and the ethnomethodologists especially as ethnomethodology would not be able to exist without interactionism as that is what started this brand of sociology which went against the functional sociologist style of before such as structuralism , functionalism , Marxism it started then as a new breed of sociology and ethnomethodology became a branch of it lik e Phenomenology did as well . Therefore whatever the difference will be there central point will always be very similar to each other .

Tobacco Industry: Demand And Supply

Tobacco Industry Demand And SupplyThe following essay helps us know what convey and supply theory and that we are explaining with the example of queen industry. And we have as well mentioned the constituents affecting the motivation and supply for natess in the commercialize. The essay also includes the income effect, regard of close substitutes and compliments, and also the outlay and income elasticity of the crossway of the industry. A stub is a product consumed through smoking and assemblyd out of cured and finely cut baccy leaves and reconstituted tobacco, practically combined with other(a) additives,1 then rolled or stuffed into a paper-wrapped cylinder (generally equal to 100 mm in length and 10 mm in diameter). Rates of nates vary widely. While rates of smoking have leveled off or declined in the developed nations, they continue to rise in underdeveloped nations.Cigarettes are the most frequent source of fires in surreptitious homes and the European Union willing to ban cigarettes that are not fire-safe by 2011.Fixing the impairment of a product is a very important factor for an organisation and the product success. Organizations look at the effective aim ( motive) and effective supply (supply) of a product to set the best worth to generate the maximum revenue for the organisation. If the damage of the product pluss or decrease then it cease affect the demand of the product. As the legal injury of a thoroughly rises less will be demanded, and if the outlay falls to a greater extent will be demanded (Philp Galt, 2009, Lecture Notes, p 2). The amplify or decrease in price nooky happen due to the each external or internal or both environments of the organisation.The major(ip) companies that are the major share holders of the UK grocery store are1. Gallaher Group Ltd with the 37.90% of the market share.2. Imperial Tobacco Ltd with the 35.40% of the market share.3. Rothmans Ltd with the 18.20% of the market share.The other h ave the market share of 3.80% and the private label are of 4.70% holds the market share respectively.(Data monitors, 2005)Demand of a product or service hobo be defined as the amount of a particular economic good or service that a consumer or group of consumers will want to purchase at a given price over a specific period of time. The demand is usually downward sloping, since consumers will want to buy more as the price decreases. Demand for a good or service is determined by diametric factors other than price, such as the price of substitute goods and complementary goods. In extreme cases, demand may be completely unrelated to price, or or so infinite at a given price (in the case of the tobacco industry) (Beardshaw, 1991).According to Philp, Dan and Galt (2009) it could be deduced that demand relative to the tobacco industry is caused by a number of aspects in which the key driver is the price of the cigarettes. As a result, for a cigarette (t) the total demanded (QtD) represe nts a act upon of its price (pt), individual customer (n) income levels (Y1 Yn), other forms of substitutes like electronic cigarettes and herbal cigarettes (r1rt-1) and other external factors (E) such as labour, crank material. Then, demand within the tobacco industry can be represented asQtD = f (pt, Y1 Yn, r1rt-1, E)Being consistent with this, influential demand in political economy (tobacco industry) would be hard to figure the quantity demanded due to the number of determinants required to make-up the cigarette packets price and quantity, therefore, it is assumed that all factors are held constant and the market (quantity demanded) is analysed as a function of packet price. So the quantity demandedQtD = f (pt, Y1 Yn, r1rt-1, E)Graphically illustrated will beFollowing the above figure, managers would be able to identify that the higher the price of the cigarette packets in the industry, the lower the demand for it. Consequently prices will have to move from p0 to p1 in order to increase demand from q0 to q1. recall two extreme cases. Suppose the price of all cigarettes rises by 1 per cent. The quantity of cigarettes demanded will not affect that much. People who can easily spare smoking have already done so. In contrast, suppose the price of a particular tarnish of cigarettes rises by 1 per cent, all other shuffle prices remain un interpolated. We expect a much larger quantity response. Consumers switch from the dearer brand to other brands that also satisfy the nicotine habit. For a particular cigarette brand the demand elasticity is quite high.From the above figure it can be noted that the same $1 tax has a much larger impact on quantity when demand is more elastic than when it is inelastic. Elasticity is the responsiveness of one variable (e.g. demand) to a change in another (e.g. price). This concept is key to understanding how market works. The more elastic variable is, the more responsive the market to changing circumstances (Sloman, 2005).T he law of demand states that a fall in the price of a good move ups the quantity demanded. The price elasticity of demand measures how much the quantity demanded responds to a change in price.(Mankiw, 1998)Cigarette consumption is exclusively found to be negatively related to price. As far the result of the test, surveys and the studies done before, there result says that increase in price on cigarettes are not that much affected on the demand of it. Many economists viewed that cigarette smoking is illogical and therefore not suitable for usual economic analysis. They believe that demand for cigarettes does not follow the basic law of economics including the downward-sloping demand curve.Findings on how demand for cigarettes changes as consumers income increases is inconsistent. From a number of studies it found that income has either negative effect or insignificant effect on the demand of cigarettes. As far as the government and other health concern pull are trying to stop smo king in public place and in the private work sites because it is very harmful for other who is non smoker and it is not environmental friendly (Bradford, 2003, Vol 9).Government at all levels are adopting the policies to sic smoking. Government also banned that it the customer should be above a jural age to buy the cigarettes. World health organisation survey of smoking control policies in lot of countries indicated that the mostly all the countries have adopted policies to limit smoking in public places. Although the restrictions are primarily intended to reduce non-smokers, they can also affect the smokers since the restrictions reduce the smokers opportunities to smoke or otherwise raise the cost of smoking (Reuijl Leeflang, 1985, Vol 49). Cigarettes was the one of the most advertised and promoted product in the world. But due to around controversial issues many countries restrict it. While some other countries have few restrictions, others ban advertising and promotion compl etely.Due to the restriction on the advertising and the promotion the demand of the cigarette industry was affected. A lot of new opportunities of the new organization to enter are hard. And the new customers or consumers are decreased. And due to this there is less increase in the quantity of the young generation.Cigarettes are been huge been taxed by the government and due to this there is rise in the price in some countries. Taxes are varying from agricultural to country and the price also. The inelastic demand off the product makes good revenue for the government. But in recent taxation has been applied to cigarettes are in order to health. Cigarette taxes in some countries such as the United States have been imposed by various levels of government, national, state and local level. Governments in nearly every country impose taxes on cigarettes and other tobacco products.One of the major factors that affect the demand for any product is due to the substitutes. The more substitu tes, the more elastic the demand will be. For example, if the price of petrol went up by 0.25, consumers could replace public send out. This means that petrol is an elastic good because a raise in price will cause a large decrease in demand as consumers start travelling by the public transport more from private transport. The rise of the fuel price can affect the automobile industry. This factor is also known as the invisible extend (Adam metalworker Cited in Mishan, 1993, p 91) which is affected from the variation of the other product or substitutes which affects the main product demand in the market. For the tobacco industry the invisible hand factor is not that much affected but the competition in the market within the industry is high.If the price of alcohol goes up as a whole, there will be probably a little change in the consumption of beer and other products because there are only few substitutes for alcohol. well-nigh people are not willing to give up their enjoyment at a ny cost and even the alcohol is used in some(prenominal) medicines also so no matter what the price is the consumption of alcohol will be not affected by the substitutes. Therefore, we would say, that alcohol is an inelastic product because of its lack of substitutes. So we can say that a product is elastic in the industry but the complete industry tends to be inelastic.This is the second factor that effects the demand elasticity and it refers the total amount of a person that can be spend on a particular product or good. Like, if the price of a chocolate goes up from 1 to 2 and income of the customer remains the same, the amount that is available to spend on chocolate is for e.g. 4, is now teeming for only 2 rather than 4 chocolates. In other words, the customer is forced to reduce the demand of chocolate. Thus if there is an increase in price and no change in the amount of income available to spend on the product then there will be an elastic reaction in demand. But in cigarette industry it is not that much affected because of the addiction of the consumer.Time is the third factor which influences the demand elasticity. If the price of packet of cigarette goes up 1, a smoker with a very few available substitutes will continue buying the daily cigarettes. It means that cigarettes have inelastic demand because the changes in price will not have a great influence on the quantity demanded. But if the customer or consumer finds that they are not capable or cannot afford to spend the increased amount then they will definitely try to quit it but in a long run. Then for that customer price elasticity of cigarettes becomes elastic in the long run.If quantity demanded is completely unaffected by a price change, thenIf the sacrosanct value of the elasticity of demand is less than 1 at some point, we say that demand is inelastic at that point (Varian, 2006, P 282). You would say that demand is perfectly inelastic at that price, to reflect the fact that quantity dema nded is completely unresponsive to a change in price. On a graph with price on the y-axis, perfectly inelastic demand appears as a vertical demand curve. Its slope is negative infinity, which leads to Ed = 0.Looking at the graph above, we can see that a 5 percent increase in price causes no change in quantity demanded. Therefore, Ed = 0 and demand is perfectly inelastic for the tobacco industry. Hence, manager of a cigarette company within the industry should not worry about the taxation from the government or increase in price due to the external environment due to the inelastic demand for the tobacco industry.(Source by Begg Ward, 2007)The variation in consumer demand for cigarettes with respect to income is indistinct from a theoretical stand point. Cigarettes consumption could be a normal good for which the level of consumers demand increases with income. Alternatively, it could also be a lower good for which the consumer demand drops with income levels. In either case, the pr esence of such behavior gives us no guidance whatsoever with respect to the extent to which these decisions are rational.Similarly the other major factor which can be affected by the price of the cigarettes is supply. Supply for a product or a service can be defined as the quantity of a good, seller wishes to sell at each possible price. Supply of a good refers to various quantities of good which a seller is willing and able to sell at different prices in a given market, at a particular point of time, other things remaining the same. An aspect of supply which needs attention is that supply is related to scarcity. It is only the scarce good which has a supply price. On the contrary, goods which are available freely have no supply price, e.g. Air is available freely and hence, does not have a supply price (Begg et al, 2005).According to Philp, Dan and Galt (2009) supply relative to the tobacco industry is reflective of the number of competitors (m) setting the price of providing cigar ettes packets as a function of the level of technology (T) determines the price (pt), cost of resources, for example, labour, taxations, substitutes, and quality within the manufacture process (F1, F2 Fm) and other charge (w) i.e. cost of machines and salaries of work force, all add up to become determinants of the number of cigarettes packets to be supplied at each given price. It is represented asQtS = T (pt, F1, F2 Fm, w)Identical to economics in demand, in the analysis of supply all factors are held constant and quantity is seen as a function of priceQtS = T (pt, F1, F2 Fm, w)Graphically illustrated asFrom the above figure managers can know that a investing in manufacturing the product needs a accepted level of supply to overcome from they break even point, therefore higher the investment in price the more the supply. Hence cigarette manufacturing companies offer different brands for the taste e.g. long cigarettes, strong and light cigarettes. Consequently, the managers will pu sh for a higher supply in p1 to maximize profit.If there is plenty of spare efficiency of Cigarettes then a business should be able to increase its output without a rise in costs and therefore supply will be elastic in response to a change in demand.If stocks of raw materials and finished products are at a high level then a firm is able to respond to a change in demand apace by supplying these stocks onto the market supply will be elastic. conversely when stocks are low, dwindling supplies force prices higher and unless stocks can be replenished, supply will be inelastic in response to a change in demand.If both capital and labour resources are occupationally mobile then the elasticity of supply for a product is higher than if capital and labour cannot easily and quickly be switched.Supply Elasticity is a measure of the degree of responsiveness of quantity supplied to changes in the products own price. Elasticity of supply works similarly. If a change in price results in a big ch ange in the amount supplied, the supply curve appears flatter and is considered elastic. Elasticity in this case would be greater than or equal to one (Lipsey Chrystal, 2004)On the other hand, if a big change in price only results in a small(a) change in the quantity supplied, the supply curve is steeper and its elasticity would be less than one.As we have seen that demand of cigarette is inelastic we can observe from the graph that supply of cigarette is also inelastic i.e. even a big change in price does not have major change in quantity supplied. It means that when a price increases consumers will not demand for more quantity thats why supply will also remain the same.After knowing that the demand and supply for the tobacco industry is inelastic but the competition within the industry is high. The higher price than the competitors can result less demand for the product, the lower price can increase the demand for the product. It influences managerial decision to look for the ne w markets where they can reduce their in operation(p) and manufacturing cost like cheap labour, as well as look for the new market so that the organisation can generate maximum revenue.This field of study can be found on the following pagehttp//www.investorwords.com/1396/demand.htmlConclusionThis essay completely shows us that how the demand and supply take effects into the market and how principles of demand and supply inform the managerial decision making. From this essay we come to know that the cigarette industry is not that much affected from the higher price that much and its demand in the market is almost remain same. From this essay we come to know that both the supply elasticity and demand elasticity for cigarette industry are inelastic, they are not affected by the price. From the essay we come to know that income effect is significant and positive in case of cigarette industry.

Flannery O Connor :: essays papers

Flannery O ConnorBiases and Stereotypes Add Reality and Relation to Literature An authors personal twist is often expressed through their literature that is composed. In her short story Everything That Rises Must Converge, Flannery OConnor is guilty of stereotyping on the basis of race. by means of emerge this story her characters refer and respond to Negroes as an inferior race. This racial division surrounds the storys conflicts and eventually results in the tragic climax. In the plot, a significant character only k at one timen as Julians mother is obviously prejudice and the author expresses her feelings all the counseling using stereotypes and biases, that animate the story. Her biasness is clearly demonstrated early in the story but is concrete during the seen on the bus, when Julian is taking his mother to the Y. Once she is seated comfortably on the bus she notices that there are only whites on board and states casually aloud, I see we have the bus to ourselves. This statement shows a complete bias and desire for separation between races by the author. The conversation on the bus continues between the white passengers and eventually turns away from race. However, while the conversation is taking nates Julian purposely detaches himself from his surroundings. The plot revolves around a conflict of social acceptance between Julian and his mother. She seems to be stock in the past intellection she is higher on the social ladder than the next person, when in reality the live on a street that was once well established, but is now in ruin while having little money. Julian is quoted early in the story stating that Someday Ill start making money,- he knew he never would. His mothers attitude is despised by Julian along with her racial remarks. It is her racism that Julian uses to try to Teach her a lesson. When Julian chose to baby-sit next to a colored man on the bus the climax of the story began to build. This action was taken by Julian as a w ay to annoy his mother. He even went as far as to ask the colored man for a light which was a gesture totally out of contempt because he had nothing to light. The way Flannery OConnor describes the colored woman who enters the bus is a typical stereotype of a black mother. OConnors first descriptive words of this woman are large, gaily dressed sullen looking colored women - she was a giant women, The author was able with those adjectives flake this woman of her femininity and create an eyesore.

Homosexuality: Is It A Choice? (Pro) Essay --

Homosexuality Is It A Choice? (Pro)The term homosexual originated in 1892, to describe two people of the same gender that were attracted to each other. All though Homosexual behavior between species has been dated back to the beginning of time. directly in the United States based on Population surveys more then eight-million adults alone in the U.S are homosexual. Many people believe that Homosexuality is a scientific, and is no more of a choice then the color of your skin. Crystal Dixon , former Human Resources Administrator of The University of Toledo, who was fired after stating her beliefs in Toledo free raise up explains that Gay is not the new black, Gay is about sex and genitalia, people we call gay select choices about what they do with their genitals, blacks do not make choices about their color of their skin.That being said homosexuality is a choice, having an attraction to the other gender whitethorn be able to be explained by scientific principles, but the people you involve yourself with romantically and/or sexually is your choice.Many people argue that one DNA decides when they are born if they are heterosexual or not. Under this statement homosexuals would be given the same rights as heterosexuals because its not their decision in what gender they prefer. This argument is hardly debatable though because research has shown very little relationship between genetics and homosexuality. Studies have been recently taken, using DNA Microarray technology. These studies have failed to find any gene that may cause homosexuality. Even if there was a gene that caused someone to be homosexual, it would be exterminated rapidly because it wouldnt be able to reproduce. Many people withal say homosexuality is caused... ...Cant we just judge them by the type of car they drive? - Ellen Degeneres Being homosexual is a choice, but the morality of the choice shouldnt meat anyone but the person who made that choice.Works CitedMalory, M. N.p. , n. d. 22 Nov 2013. . Gates, G. J.. N.p.. Web. 22 Nov 2013. . Oscar Lopez, R.. N.p.. Web. 22 Nov 2013. . . N.p.. Web. 22 Nov 2013. . Whitehead, N. E., and B. K. Whitehead. N.p.. Web. 22 Nov 2013. .