The Future of Clinical Remediation of Hearing Loss is the Cochlear Essay

The Future of Clinical Remediation of Hearing Loss is the Cochlear Implants - Essay Example Regaining hearing ability is the best thing a deaf person can get. Cochlear implants make it possible for the auditory nerve to be stimulated allowing the deaf person to hear. The implant is designed to produce electrical signals which are sent directly to the brain bypassing the damaged cells of the inner ear (Wise 3). Research indicates that the performance of each ear is usually 13.5%. Performance improves to between 80 and 90% after the cochlear implants for each ear and both ears (Heyning and Punte 141). That is almost the normal performance of normal healthy ear. Researchers understand that the implants need to be programmed accordingly to maintain balance. Programming is done using sophisticated computers which determine how each ear is programmed. There may be variation in hearing the loss in the two ears and programming ensures that the auditory reception is well maintained and balanced, it is not too loud or not receiving hearing well. Programming of the first ear takes lon ger compared to the second (Waltzman, and Roland, 152). Gantz et al found out that cochlear implants are critical for the preservation of hearing. The study points out that at least 96% of the people with cochlear implants retaining low-frequency hearing (17). This is important in recognition of words and speech development after the cochlear implant. Word recognition and speech skills improve from 10% to 30% with low-frequency hearing preservation after the implant. Cochlear implants improve speech perception and recognition abilities in both adults and children allowing the deaf to speak freely with others. Auditory experts claim that cochlear implants improved the development of language and speech abilities, especially in children.  Ã‚  

What are the relevant facts Essay Example for Free

What are the relevant facts Essay According to this case, Stacy is a new employee of a local CPA firm, who is on probation and asked to perform an advanced level jobs, because this firm has a heavy turnover. There are some morale and organizational problems with this CPA firm, so that a psychologist is brought into assess these problems. Both Stacy and other employees in this firm point out the same management problems, and some employees even have resigned from this firm. Stacy is helping interview candidates for the open accounting positions. What are the ethical issues? Generally, Stacy has a duty of loyalty to the firm when interviewing prospective job candidates. There are laws require that an employee refrain from behaving in a manner that would be contrary to his employer’s interests. But this duty of loyalty is not absolute; it is influenced by the responsibility and trust between employees and employers. Therefore, even Stacy has a duty of loyalty to the firm, he also can judge if employers’ decisions and arrangements are right. He has no duty to provide truthful information to candidates. What are the primary stakeholders? The partners of the CPA firm, Stacy, all other employees of the CPA firm, and prospective employees of the CPA firm, and clients are primary stakeholders. What are the possible alternatives? First, Stacy can resign from this CPA firm, if he thinks he can not do for the firm any more. Second, Stacy can be loyal to the firm and do what he is told to do. Third, he can tell the truth to the candidates about the information of this firm. What are the ethics of the alternatives? First, based on utilitarianism, Stacy should keep loyal to the firm and do not make frank communication with the candidates. Because this is related to his own job, he has to keep him away from being fired. Second, based on rights, candidates have rights to know the true information about the firm, so Stacy should tell them the truth. Third, based on fairness, tell the truth seems to be fair for candidates and him. But he may loss his job because of frank communication. This is an unfair burden for Stacy. What are the practical constraints? If Stacy tells the true information to the candidates and new employees about the problems at the firm, he might be reprimanded again or even be fired. It may also influence him when seeking a future job. What actions should be taken? Stacy may try to adapt the advanced level job by learning more skills, so that he can avoid making the same mistakes again. He can keep loyal to the firm when he is interviewing the candidates, and remind the new hires some problems privately. He can also make suggestions to the CPA firm.

The Visual Culture Essay -- Technology Internet Essays

The Visual Culture Over the past few decades, enhancements in the visual fields have greatly improved, giving weight on the importance of visual material in text. Something that is more visually stimulating can usually make a text more convincing or credible. The term â€Å"seeing is believing† proves this fact. As humans, we tend to believe something if we can actually see it, which is why Jay David Bolter has referred to this phenomenon of the changed role of text and graphics as the â€Å"visual culture† in his book Writing Space. â€Å"Mere words no longer seemed adequate; they had to share their space with images.† (Bolter, 69). As Bolter describes the visual culture that we are immersed in, in this day and age, he discusses various terms and components of this idea of the changed role of graphics and pictures. The idea is that a visual and a text are complementary to each other, however can coexist together or separately to interpret the same thing. â€Å"The main point is that the relationship between word and image is becoming increasingly unstable, and this instability is especially apparent in popular American magazines, newspapers, and various forms of graphic advertisements† (Bolter, 49), he says. An interesting idea that was brought up by Bolter is that of â€Å"picture writing,† which is the idea that the signs, symbols, pictures and stylized images comprise their own language allowing no language barriers. Even though the writer and reader many use words to interpret the picture, different people could interpret and explain the same message in different words and people who speak different languages can share the same system of picture writing. Since the Internet is such a visual space,... ...es using the images as a way of â€Å"enhancing and conveying meaning.† It’s really interesting to see the changes that technology has come to. The advancements in technology in just the past decade have been astounding. It’s hard to think that there really was life without high-speed Internet, e-mail, and AOL Instant Messenger. However, not only have there been so many advancements in technology, but also with it came advancements in the visual field, in that our culture and society became so much more driven with such a visual drive. Works Cited: Bolter, J.D. (2001). Writing Space: Computers, Hypertext, and the Remediation of Print. London, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. KAIROS: 7.2. Zeliner, M.â€Å"New Media and the Slow Death of the Written Word† http://english.ttu.edu/kairos/7.2/binder.html?sectionone/zeltner/NM. (March, 2004).

How to Improve Reading Comprehension

Tony Sandoval III American Military University Coll 100 Derrah Q. Cassidy How to Improve Reading Comprehension How to improve one’s reading comprehension? First, one must know what reading compression is, plain and simple it is the act of understanding what is being read. â€Å"Learning how to read is probably one of the most important skills that a child will acquire in his/her lifetime† (Pardo, 2011). Though it may sound easy, many people have difficultly remembering and understanding what they read. To become a successful reader, a child must be able to decode the individual words on the page and must be able to comprehend the text† (McNamara, 2007). To read effectively pick a subject that will be interesting, try to figure out what you and the book have in common. Then, concentrate on the material being read and develop a discipline approach to the reading. Preview the material by looking over it and determine what the most important parts of the text are. Pau se after each paragraph to reflect on what was just read so the brain can comprehend it. Next focus on the reading speed one has. Once this is done, test yourself over the material to ensure it is being comprehended. This will get your brain working to paying attention most of the time. When reading, one must be willing to push their self beyond where they are at. â€Å"Reading is an extraordinary achievement when one considers the number of levels and components that must be mastered. Consider what it takes to read a simple story. The words contain graphemes, phonemes and morphemes† (McNamara, 2007). Most people will not even understand half of what was just said or written. Even though the reading material might be hard, little by little the words will make since once they are pieced together in a way that could be understood better. Also, try to think ahead and concentrate on certain parts to get your brain working on paying attention to what is being read. While reading, highlight what might be the most important part of the text. This will help to determine what is being said in the reading. Some readers might want to ask questions while reading. This will help them when piecing parts of the main point of the article together to make more sense. While reading, stop after each paragraph to help reflect on the meaning of what was just read. â€Å"Proficient readers don't just plow ahead through text when it doesn't make sense – they stop and use â€Å"fix-up† strategies to restore their understanding. One of the most important fix-up tools is rereading, with teachers demonstrating to students a variety of ways to reread text in order to repair meaning† (Zimmerman & Keene, 2007). This will help gather thoughts about the material and shine some light on the subject. While reading concentrate on what information is being put out in the article. At times readers will have questions come to mind and the reader must find the answers. If they have sticky notes to jot down things, the reader will be able to recall the information. â€Å"A reader’s successful comprehension of text material is evidenced by the representation that, at a minimum, is coherent enough to account for all the information explicitly presented in the text† (McNamara, 2007). The reader should then sort through and prioritizes information from the sea of words that is in the text. This will help indicate that comprehension can be recalled and be understood by the reader. The reader should frequently summarize the reading. This forces the reader to reorganize the information in a way that is sensible to them. Though reading can be fun, it can also be time consuming. The success of reading comprehension depends on the factors of what information is being entered into the brain and what the brain is able to do with it. It is also important to understand what you are reading to help improve your speed. This skill is acquired through years of learning. If speed reading is not the best, do not worry because there are many tips that can help a reader. One good tip is called the hand trick. The reader should place the palm of their hand flat against the reading surface. Move the hand so that the first line of text being read is above the side of the hand. Slowly move the palm to revile the words of the text at a regular speed so the reader can see the words that are being exposed. Next, is the finger trick with this method the reader should place the index finger on the first group of words that is about to be read. Move the finger in an irregular manner from the beginning of the sentence to the end. This helps the reader to focus on reading groups of words instead of individually. Another good tip to become a better reader is the card trick. Get an index card and place it over the first sentence. Then slowly begin moving it in a downwards, covering what was just read. This helps the reader to pay attention on what was just read since they will not have the opportunity to revisit the words. After the reader has finished, determine what was learned. Give the reader a chance to share what they have read in pairs or small groups. Then have them quiz themselves on the main points of the material. Tell a friend about it. By doing this, the reader should try to recall the important information in their own words. This will help them to remember and give a deeper insight into the topic. If both people have read the same material, the friend could give good feedback to ensure that the reader comprehends what was being read. The goal of having them discuss this is to involve more people so they can all make sure they can comprehend the reading. This process will solidify the knowledge in the mind and give the reader a better recall of the information. Also include any thoughts that might have popped into your mind and discuss the information. The evidence that reading comprehension can be taught and learned is convincing. â€Å"Teachers need to make sure that children are familiar with all of the reading strategies and that they are given plenty of opportunities to use them† (Pardo, 2011). You’ll achieve the best results using the set of strategies in this paper. This will help encourage the reader to anticipate what is to come, pay close attention to whether they are understanding and frequently pause to summarize, going back to fill in gaps in the information. The reader should consider using the methods mentioned above. Reviewing these individual skills of comprehension can quickly help the reader see, that the skills require higher thinking and an ability to view the material that has been read. Bibliography McNamara, D. S. (2007). Reading Comprehension Strategies : Theories, Interventions, and Technologies. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Pardo, L. (2011). Increasing Reading Comprehension Through The Explicit Teaching Of Reading Strategies: Is There A Difference Among The Genders? Project Innovation, Inc 13. Zimmerman, S. , & Keene, E. (2007). Retrieved September 30, 2011, from Waht Are the Seven Reading Comprehension Strategies? Retrieved from http://www. choiceliteracy. com/public/144. cfm

Marco Polo The Travels – The Silk Road

This is the story of a great young adventurous traveler. At the young age of 21, he embarked upon and successfully completed, the tasks seemed practically impossible to achieve in the era to which he belonged.   He was not much educated in the academic sense, but till date he continues to be the research subject for the aspiring Doctorates.   He studied everything in the college of self-education, where his mind was his Principal. His initiative, his Professors! His hard work his tutors! A man who would decide! A man who would act! A man who would start and a man who would finish! God moulds souls like Marco Polo but rare, perhaps for the specific purpose of inspiring the younger generation!The Great Khan must have given him the brief, mostly from political angle, but the self-starter Marco Polo, brought along with him the comprehensive information and details that staggers the most fertile imagination.   Marco Polo is a trader-author; not an author-trader.   The latent writi ng ability in him of which perhaps he was not consciously aware, enthralled those who read his work. Volumes have been written and discussed about his travelogues. If Marco Polo were to appear for a test on criticism/appreciation about his writings, the syllabus would be so vast, Marco Polo would not be able to cover it in his life-time.   The critics have seen so much in his writings, made threadbare analysis, which the original author would have never imagined.Another reason for the popularity of the book was—the details highlighted in it were revealed to the outside world for the first time. They were so mysterious that the readers were enthralled by the descriptions. Many refused to believe his accounts. When Marco Polo lay on his deathbed, his priest, his friends and relations clustered around him to plead that he at last renounce the countless lies he had recounted as his true adventures, so his soul would be cleansed to Heaven. The old man rose up, roundly damned the m all and declared, â€Å"I have not told the half of what I saw and did!† Remember, the people who were attempting to cross him belonged to that generation which     argued that the Earth was flat and the sun rotated around the Earth! Marco Polo was much ahead of his times!I think Marco Polo provided the greatest inspiration to the younger generation of not only Italy, but the entire world, as for adventures and travels. He was the genius, who embodied the spirit of hard aspirations and their fulfillment, under most difficult conditions. His travel experiences have all-time significance, all over the world. I do believe that Marco Polo provided positive knowledge, information that was not known to the people. He was the first Westerners to travel through the Silk Road. (It is only named as a Silk Road, but in reality there is nothing silken about it; it is a rough, rugged, treacherous route.)He is hailed as one of the most important figures from Italy. His life span from 1254-1324, was quite eventful. He highlighted the differences between Europe and Asia.   During the medieval times, religion had the greatest impact on the lives of Kings and his subjects. Marco Polo explains how secularism was practiced then. â€Å"But concerning God and your own soul do what you will, whether you be Jew or pagan, Saracen or Christian, who live among Tartars.They freely confess in Tartarv that Christ is a lord; but they say that he is a proud lord, because he will not keep company with other gods but wants to be over all others in the world. So in some places, they have a Christ of gold or silver and keep him ensconced within a shrine and say that he is the great lord of the Christians.†(Polo, 1958, p.47).The concept of unity in diversity was clearly seen and appreciated by Marco Polo.Education and trade:To Marco Polo, it must be admitted, traveling and interest in trade is the family heritage. In 1260, Niccolo Polo, the father of Marco Polo, and his brot her Maffeo went across Black Sea in search of profitable ventures.   They brought from Venice sizeable quantity of extraordinary jewels and set out from Constantinople by ship to Sudak and onward to Barku. When Marc Polo was introduced to the Great Khan, he was just 21 years old. By then, he had possessed an excellent knowledge of the letters and customs of the Tartars.Khan took great fascination for this brilliant youth and soon he was the trusted lieutenant of Khan with whom he took counsel on important issues. Marco Polo was then sent on a mission to Kara-jang (Yunnan) in the far south west, as an emissary. The mission was a great success. The trader- instincts surfaced en route, Marco Polo made the detailed scrutiny of all the curiosities and novelties. On return, the Great Khan was given a brief, about the issues and business for which he was sent. The curious customs of the people were highlighted. This young lad impressed Khan on all counts.The Silk Road is—the trave l chronicles about the arduous three years journey from Venice to the abode of the Great Khan initially through the ancient trade corridor and blow by blow account of his wonderful experiences based on facts related to the peoples of Iran, Iraq, India, Tibet, Pamir, Mongolia and China. Marco Polo made it a point to record every aspect of the life that he encountered; they were so different, peculiar and interesting from region to region, country to country.   Therefore, Marco Polo is regarded as a great anthropologist. In addition, the book contains many areas which Marco Polo covered during his epic travels as an emissary for the Great Khan, when he was in China for seventeen long years.I think Marco Polo had a great eye for the details, and nothing escaped his attention. The emporiums en route, the construction of yurt in Mangolia as residential quarters( comparable to the mass cheap housing   colonies in the developing countries), fireworks, paper currency, printing and pasta , the treatment and honor provided for the dead, glass making, the introduction of ginger in various recipes, tea as a popular form drink, Marco Polo’s statement in Persia that he had chicken cooked in pomegranate juice, turmeric,(look at the style how he introduces turmeric –â€Å"here is also a vegetable that has all the properties of true saffron, as well as the smell and the color, and yet it is not really saffron.†).Marco Polo was responsible for transfer of scientific and technological innovations, such as gunpowder, ceramics, the magnetic compass, the printing press and mathematics,   along the Silk Road to the West. I also feel that Marco Polo won the trust of Kubilai (the sixth Khan in the Yuan dynasty) and retained it for 17 long years is one of his greatest achievements. He began his journey with an empty book and returned as an encyclopedia.To complete his mission, Marco Polo traveled by foot, on horse and boat. The Silk Road is not just an histori cal entity of the 13th century. In the modern times also, this route holds fascination for the travelers. As if to pay compliments and tributes to   History, during the summer vacation, people in large numbers traverse along the original route from Shaanxi Province east to Gansu and then to   Xinjiang. En route, one can see the traces and landmarks of the ancient glory—the religious art painted in caves by art-loving travelers.The ancient pagodas stand tall and majestic side by side with the new artistically and classically designed buildings. Traveling on this Silk Road is to study the pages of an historical book.   Actual travel and experiencing is more than to study a dozen books on the subject. Columbus treasured Marco Polo’s book as a reference guide for his adventures, not without reasons.   Marco Polo provided some amazing and accurate details relating to trade routes. He did his job of amassing details and making notes with the enthusiasm of a modern MB A research scholar. He was alone on his travel and other efforts, but he never hesitated to collaborate with the local populace and authorities regularly. Marco Polo had rare insight for minutest of the details regarding a particular product or activity.Marco Polo-the legend of a name:The name Marco Polo has assumed legendary significance. That was not a jet -set age where one can travel end to end of the world within a matter of days. Grit and courage were the domineering traits. That a 21 year young lad achieved the  Ã‚   intimate trust and became the emissary of the Great Khan is an inspiration to the modern youth. He was successful in all his political, trade and cultural assignments. His name has become a legendary trademark!   Marco Polo’s name was given to a children’s game, in a story in the science fiction series of Doctor Who. A ship with three masts clipper built in Saint John, New Brunswick, in 1851 was named Marco Polo.Marco Polo was the first ship to sail around the world in under six months. Many ships of the Italian name were named Marco Polo. The International Airport in Venice is named Marco Polo. In Hong Kong also at least there are 3 Marco Polo Hotels. He is the source of inspiration to many novelists like Donn Byrne’s Messer Marco Polo (Irish Writer), Gary Jennings’s novel The Journeyer (1984). Marco Polo is one of the important characters in Italo Calvino’s novel Invisible Cities.When he was 15 years old, John Goddard, who was also known as â€Å"the real life Indiana Jones,† and one of his expeditions, â€Å"the most amazing adventure of this generation† was to follow Marco Polo’s route through all of the Middle East, Asia and China. Marco Polo continues to be the perennial source of inspiration for adventure-seeking younger generation.References Cited:Polo, Marco (Author), Latham Ronald (Author) Book: The Travels of Marco Polo. Publisher: Penguin Classics (September 30, 1958) I SBN-10: 0140440577 ISBN-13: 978-0140440577

The information Divide (NBN)

The information Divide (NBN) Introduction The National Broadband Network (NBN) is a federal communication project set to provide Australia with high-speed internet connections. The fibre optic started functioning on April 4, 2013 after six years of development. Although the technology offers high speed and cheap internet connections, critics are against the launching, development and application of the project.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The information Divide (NBN) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, they argue that the project is expected to last for 60 years, but will be obsolete in less than 20 years. In particular, the growth of the wireless broadband is laudable. Mobile broadband providers are competing with the fibre project in terms of speed, cost, and efficiency. In fact, critics state that the project will not meet its targets because mobile broadband connections are easy to install, apply, and maintain. However, a fter the project started functioning, it gained popularity and attracted many subscribers. This phenomenon is an indication that the NBN project is likely to be an effective initiative. In addition, the project has offered cheap internet connection. It is also set to replace the landline connections for telephone communication. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the state of internet connection in Australia after the implementation of the NBN. In addition, the paper will analyse two recent articles that present some strength and weaknesses of NBN and its future in the Australian communication industry. How NBN compares with broadband wireless after the launching of the project The installation of the NBN fibre cables was launched in 2006 as a method of providing efficient and reliable communication system. The project sought to ensure that every home enjoys fast internet connection. In addition, it seeks to replace landline wires with fibre optic technology. However, the projec t has faced criticism from various individuals and institutions due to a number of reasons. First, critics argue that NBN will be an obsolete project by 2030 because it uses fibre optic technology. This technology is expected to be replaced by wireless broadband technologies. Secondly, critics have outlined that fibre optics is also a form of fixed lines that should not be in use in the 21st century. Opponents consider that the project requires a lot of work and is prone to disruptions caused by interferences with the lines. In fact, according to the opponents, the future of internet connection throughout the world is wireless broadband.Advertising Looking for assessment on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite these criticisms, the NBN received popularity and increase of use in the first few days. As a matter of fact, the number of internet users increased significantly. Most of them reported that they enjoyed high speed associated with fibre optic technology. Moreover, users expect to reduce the amount of resources they spend on wireless connections. They also hope to reduce the risks associated with frequent disruptions with their internet connections, which is a common event in the use of mobile broadband technology. Therefore, it is worth noting that the rejection of the project is a factor of national politics. For example, the Coalition took a hard line against the project in 2008 and vowed to reverse the separation of Telstra and NBN. In addition, Nich Minchin, the spokesperson of the coalition in charge of communications, said that if they had won the elections, he would have halted the project and concentrate on mobile broadband technology. They believed that the project was a destruction of federal resources because it will be obsolete in the next few years. Nevertheless, technologists and economists have attempted to review the project based on its comparisons with the existin g technologies such as the wireless broadband. They compared the cost and efficiency of NBN with that of 14 other providers such as Telstra, iiNet, and Internode. They report that NBN has a capacity to provide users with at least 10GB of data per month to an average home or business. In addition, it provides a minimum speed of 12Mbps for downloads and 1Mbps for uploads. The least amount of money a user can spend on NBN connection is $35. On the other hand, the mobile broadband connections can provide a minimum of 4GB at a cost of more than $49 per month for homes or small business. Moreover, the rate and frequency of disruption is high when using mobile broadband. LeMay, R 2013, Dumb people can’t see wireless is NBN future: Alan Jones Summary In this article, LeMay analyses the comment by radio presenter and political analyst Alan Jones who criticised the NBN and fibre optic technology in general. The author quotes Jones’s argument that the wireless broadband is superi or to the fibre optic and that it will last longer than the NBN. He refutes Jones’s claim by stating that his arguments are not scientific and his reporting does not show evidence of journalistic proficiency. Analysis As such, Jones states that NBN will have to rely on wireless connection. He further highlights that within the next 30 years fibre technology will be an obsolete technology. Based on this observation, the author seeks to disagree with Jones for a number of reasons. For instance, he argues that the technology is one of the most effective ways of providing high-speed connection for internet services and telephone connection.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The information Divide (NBN) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to him, scientific studies on the future of technologies indicate that fibre technology is the future of communication in the world. This means that NBN will remain a v alid and useful project for a long time, in spite of the competition from wireless broadband. LeMay’s article attempts to show the weaknesses and poor reporting associated with Jones’s comments on the NBN. Humphries, G, 2013, Pass or fail? Kiama mum grades the NBN Summary In this article, the author analyses how new users of NBN perceive the technology and its differences with the mobile broadband connections. He also presents the case of a family at Kiama, a town that was one of the first areas in the country to get an access to the technology. Analysis Julie Lee, a mother of three children in Kiama, says that she is happy with the project because it has increased the speed of her access to the internet. She finds it easy to access the internet and support family tasks such as children’s studies and watching online videos. However, she also states that she is not aware whether her children can see any difference between the current connection and the previous b roadband technology. Conclusion In this discussion, it is clear that opponents of NBN base their arguments on political issues instead of facts. In addition, the statement that fibre optic technology will be obsolete is unfounded and wrong. In spite of the criticism, millions of people have been connected to NBN and are finding it effective and easy to use. Therefore, NBN has started as a successful project, regardless of the criticism. References Humphries, G 2013, Pass or fail? Kiama mum grades the NBN, https://www.illawarramercury.com.au/story/1356891/pass-or-fail-kiama-mum-grades-the-nbn/ LeMay, R 2013, Dumb people can’t see wireless is NBN future: Alan Jones, http://delimiter.com.au/2013/03/28/dumb-people-cant-see-wireless-is-nbn-future-alan-jones/

42432 Essays - Epistemologists, Rationalists, Ren Descartes

42432 Essays - Epistemologists, Rationalists, Ren Descartes 42432 art I: List at least four differences between Descartes and Locke on how we obtain knowledge. For Descartes, (1) knowledge relies completely on utter certainty. Because perception is undependable, (2) knowledge cannot come from our five senses. Descartes believes knowledge can come from experience and deduction. But for this philosopher, (3) he does not believe we gain knowledge from the outside world. Therefore it must come from within. In light to how we view things, Descartes believes that deduction ``can never be performed wrongly by an intellect which is in the least degree rational'', so deductive knowledge is (the only) certain knowledge. Such a system requires a basis of intuitively understood principles from which knowledge can be deduced. (4) He believes that there are some principles which are automatically known, just like the idea of the existence of ourselves and that of God's existence, these are principles which are ``revealed to [us] by natural light'' and ``cannot in any way be open to doubt''. In the end Descartes sees these principles as innate. On the opposite end, John Locke believes something completely different. (1) For starters, he does not believe that knowledge is certain, but that it is just is highly probable. He goes on to say that (2) knowledge comes from our fives sensations or our five senses. Those five senses come from the outside world. Locke disagrees with Descartes when he s...